Legacy of the Skies: Dr. S.K. Banerji and the Dawn of Modern Meteorology in India

As the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) celebrated its 150th foundation day on January 14th, 2025, we, at the Global Climate Association, take a moment to honor this monumental milestone through our blog. This occasion not only marks a century and a half of meteorological advancements in India but also commemorates the significant contributions of Dr. S.K. Banerji, whose tenure as the Director General from 1944 to 1950 set groundbreaking precedents in the field of weather forecasting.

The Director Generals of India Meteorological Department, Dr. S.K.Banerji in the middle row, right. Image Credit: IMD Archive

The Genesis of Modern Meteorology in India

The journey of the IMD began with its establishment in 1884, introducing systematic weather forecasting to the Indian subcontinent. This initiative was critical, given the region's dependency on monsoon rains for agriculture and daily life. Under Dr. Banerji’s leadership who was the first Indian Director General of the IMD not only refined its forecasting methods but also fostered a culture of scientific rigor and innovation.

Dr. S.K. Banerji: A Pillar of Indian Meteorology

Dr. Banerji’s role was pivotal in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of weather predictions, crucial for sectors ranging from agriculture to aviation. His vision led to the publication of the Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics, an academic platform that played a vital role in the dissemination of meteorological research. This journal, which was later renamed Mausam, has continued to serve as a cornerstone of scholarly communication in meteorology and geophysics.

The Impact of Long-Range Forecasting

Dr. Banerji’s expertise was particularly notable in the area of long-range forecasting. These forecasts, essential for planning agricultural and economic activities, highlight the challenges inherent in predicting seasonal weather patterns. The article underscores the complexities of making accurate long-term forecasts, which involve a delicate balance of scientific knowledge and innovative forecasting techniques.

Scientific Insights from the Article "Methods of Foreshadowing Monsoon and Winter Rainfall in India"

The scientific article provides a detailed examination of the methodologies utilized by the IMD to predict monsoon and winter rainfall since its first official forecast in 1884. It emphasizes the evolution of these forecasts, highlighting their significance in managing agricultural practices and water resources. Despite the advancements over more than a century, the article notes that long-range forecasts still present challenges, with accuracy levels generally between 60-75% under optimal conditions. These statistics underscore both the strides made in meteorological forecasting and the persistent uncertainties that accompany predictions over extended periods and large geographic scales.

Article by Dr. S.K. Banerji published in First edition of Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics (currently Mausam)

Dr. Banerji’s contributions extend beyond meteorology. They resonate with our mission to address contemporary climate challenges through informed action and education. His work provides a historical blueprint for understanding and managing the complexities of climate systems, inspiring new generations to pursue sustainability and resilience in the face of global climate change.

Narrator’s Connection: A Personal Milestone at the National Meteorological Olympiad

As the founder of the Global Climate Association and the great-grand niece of Dr. S.K. Banerji, I carry a personal and professional legacy that intertwines my family’s history with the broader narrative of scientific advancement. It was an incredible honor to represent the South Asian Meteorological Association (SAMA) and contribute to the design of the curriculum and study materials for classes 8-11 for the first-ever National Meteorological Olympiad. This initiative, a collaboration hosted by the India Meteorological Department, SAMA, and the India Meteorological Society during the 2024-2025 cycle, marks a significant milestone in the field of meteorological education.

Prof. Celeste Saulo, Director General of the World Meteorological Association at the 150th Foundation Day Ceremony of IMD

I am immensely grateful for the opportunity to contribute to a field that not only is integral to understanding and managing our climate challenges but also resonates so closely with my personal legacy and the work initiated by my great-grandfather. Today, as we navigate through unprecedented climate challenges, the insights from meteorological science are more crucial than ever. They provide critical data for predicting weather patterns, preparing for natural disasters, and understanding the broader impacts of climate change on our planet. These efforts are vital for developing strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes, ensuring the safety and sustainability of our global communities.

Honorable Prime Minister of India congratulating the winners of the First National Meteorological Olympiad at New Delhi, India on 14th January 2025. Image courtesy: IMD

Conclusion

Reflecting on the 150th anniversary of the IMD underlines the timeless relevance of Dr. S.K. Banerji’s contributions to meteorology and climate science. As we move forward, the principles he championed remain at the core of our efforts to enhance climate literacy and foster an environment where science and heritage propel us towards innovative solutions to the Earth's most pressing challenges.